28100语言学概论（自考资料）

江苏教育学院编

语言学概论是英语专业本科段的一门理论课程。该课程通过对英语语言的语音、音位、词法和句法各系统的分析，介绍普通语言学的基本理论模式、概念和研究方法。应试者通过本课程的自学，应能清楚地解释语言学中的重要概念、初步地懂得语言学的研究方法，并能运用所学的理论知识，分析有关的英语语言现象。

一、考试内容

Chapter One Introdution

1.Differences between general linguistics and descriptive linguistics.

2.The nature of language(s)

system/symbolic/vocal/arbitrary/creative/changeable/double-structured

3.Scientific method in linguistics

common biases/the process of rule-construction

4.The goal of linguistics

model/competence/explicitness/generativeness

5.The sub-=branches of linguistics

phonetics/phonology/morphology/syntax/semantics

6.Saussure: the father of linguistics

three major distinctions;synchronic/diachronic;paradigmatic/syntagmatic;langue/parole

Chapter Two Phonetics

1.The sub-branches of phouetics

aritculatory/aconstic/auditory

2.The names of speech organs; Figure 1,p.17

3.International Phonetic Alphabet

relationship between spellin and sound in English/advantages of IPA

4.Chassification of the English consonants

(1)the position of the soft palate;nasal/oral;

(2)the presence or the absence of vocal-cord vibration; voiceless/voiced;

(3)the place of articulation; bilabials/labiodentals/dentals/

alveolars/postalveolars/alveopalatals/palatals/velars/glottals;

(4)the manner of articulation:

stops/fricatives/affricates/liquids/glides

5.Classification of the English vowels

(1)the state of the velum;oral/nasal;

(2)the position of the tongue;high-mid-low/front/central/back

(3)lip rounding;rounded/unrounded

(4)diphthongs/triphthons

(5)Phonetic features

consonantal/vocalic/continuant/voiced/aspirated/nasal/anterior/coronal

Chapter Three Phonolgy

1.Importaet concepts

phoneme/phone/allophone:minimal pair/minial set

2.Identifying phonemes

(1)environment/distribution/contrastive distribution/complementary distribution/free variation

(2)principles;contrastive distribution-separate phonemes;free variation-phonetic variants;complementary distribution phonetically similar-phonetic variants.

(3)procedures; Figure 13,p.36

3.Sequential constraints

4.Distinctive fatures

5.suprasegemental features;

stress/tone and intonation/juncture

Chapter Four Morphology

1.morpheme/morph/allomorph

2.Classifications of morphemes:

(1)root/affix;free/bound;lexical/functional

(2)prefixes/suffixes/infixes

(3)inflectional/derivational

3.Identifying morphemes

(1)cutting sound sequences into morphs;comparison;

(2)grouping morphs into morphemes;semantically identical+complementary distribution-separate morphemes

(3)empty morph/zero morph

4.Morphemic analysis

(1)Immediate Constituent Analysis(JC analysis);

ultimate constituents/immediate constituents/constituents;

(2)principles of IC analysis;

meaningful relationship/morphological rules

5.Word-formation processes

(1)main processes; affixation/conversion/compounding;

(2)minor processes; blending/clipping/acronymy/back-formation

Chapter Five Syntax(I)

1.Three types of syntacic relations:

sequential(syntagmatic)/substitutional(paradigmatic)/hjerarchical

2.Identifying syntactic categories;

morphological and distributional features

3.Labeled IC analysis;

phrase marker/node; labeled brackets; complete/partial phrase marker

Chapter Six Syntax(II)

1.phrase structure rules(PS rules)/transformational rules(T-rules);

deep structure/surface structure

2.The PS rules for the sentences, noun phrases, verb phrases and auxiliary phrases

Chapter Seven Syntax(III)

1.Three kinds of operations performed by Trules; optional/compulsory transformations.

2.The structure of a T-rule: The structural description(SD)/the structural chnge(SC)

3.T-rules: T-affix/T-Passive/T-Agent-deletion/T-Negation/T-Do-insertion/T-Yes/No question/T-Reflexivization/T-Imperative

4.Ordering of transformations

二、考试形式

本课程只进行笔试，试卷以英语命题，以英语答卷。试卷由两大部分组成：理论部分和应用部分。可能采用的形式如下：

I.Theory-oriented questions

1.Fill in the blanks

e.g.English phonetics has three sub branches , , .

2.Multiple-choice questions

e.g.Morpheme is defined as

(a)a meaningful unit

(b)a minimal unit

(c)a minimal meaningful grammatical unit

(d)a minimal meaningful unit

3.True or false questions

e.g. If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment, they are said to be in comple-mentary distribution. True False

4.Essay ype questios

e.g. How doesl angue differ from parole according to Saussure's view?

II.Practical work

这一部分试题所采取的形式均在每章后面的练习中出现过，如：

Chapter Two: 6,9,10,12

Chapter Three:2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,13,14,15,

Chapter Four:6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14

Chapter Five:1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9

Chapter Six:2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

Chapter Seven.1,2,3,4,5,6,7

三、教材

An Introduction to English Linguistics 南京师范大学外文系文秋芳编写

january 5,1990