一、非谓语动词的形式及句法功能
1.主动形式与被动形式
非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间往往存在主谓或动宾关系:与逻辑主语之间存在主谓关系时,用主动形式;与逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系时,用被动形式。
Last night, there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.
昨天晚上,有几百万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。
The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.
明天举行的会议非常重要。
2.时间先后关系
根据它与谓语动词表示的动作之间的时间先后关系定时态。
(1)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生,用非谓语动词的一般式。
I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise going on.
由于噪音不断,我没法做作业。
(2)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,用非谓语动词的完成式。
Having made powder from the rocks,then they found a bright pink color.
从岩石中提炼出粉末后,他们发现了一种明亮的粉红色。
二、非谓语动词作状语
非谓语作状语时,其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。
1.现在分词作状语
现在分词作状语,常表原因、伴随、时间、结果等,与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
His parents died, leaving him an orphan.
他的父母去世了,他成了孤儿。
2.过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语,分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
Seriously injured, she has to be sent to hospital at once.
她受了重伤,必须马上送往医院。
[点拨]部分过去分词作状语时不表示被动,也不表示完成,而表示一种状态。常见的词和短语有:located, seated, hidden, lost/absorbed/buried in, dressed in, tired of, faced with。
Faced with numerous challenges, the government is confident that Shanghai will vanquish COVID-19.
尽管面对诸多挑战,政府对上海战胜冠状病毒充满信心。
3.不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语,意为“为了;以便”。
To enjoy the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.
为了享受数字支付的便利,许多老年人开始使用智能手机。
(2)作结果状语,常用于only to do结构中。
Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on,only to find it didn’t fit.
她焦急地从包裹里拿出那件衣服试穿,却发现不合身。
[点拨]动词不定式作结果状语时,常表示意想不到的结果;而现在分词作结果状语时,常表示自然而然的结果。
(3)作原因状语,常用于“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”结构中。这类形容词有:happy, lucky, glad,sorry,anxious,proud,disappointed,angry,surprised,ready,delighted,clever,foolish,pleased,fortunate,right等。
He was delighted to see that, with the nation’s help, Hong Kong’s daily infections dropped last week to about half of their peak.
他高兴地看到,在国家的帮助下,香港上周的每日感染病例已降至峰值水平的一半左右。
三、非谓语动词作定语
1.现在分词作定语,表主动、正在进行;若表示被动且正在发生的动作用being done结构。
Chinese tea-drinking culture has a long history dating back to more than 1,000 years ago.
中国的饮茶文化有着悠久的历史,可以追溯到1 000多年前。
2.过去分词作定语,表示被动、完成。
The university is known for its language and culture courses intended for international students.
这所大学以其为国际学生开设的语言和文化课程而闻名。
The gardener is sweeping up fallen leaves in the park.
园丁正在清扫公园里的落叶。
[点拨]作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有doing和done两种。doing 表示正在进行;done 表示已经完成。
3.不定式作定语,表示动作尚未发生。
I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train to catch.
我在会议期间一直看表,因为我要赶火车。
4.动名词作定语,表示被修饰词的某种用途,在意义上相当于“名词+for+doing”,此时动名词常置于被修饰词的前面。
No flying machine will fly from New York to Paris.
没有飞行器会从纽约飞到巴黎。
5.由序数词,the only, the last, the next或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。
He is always the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts.
他总是吃苦在前,享受在后。
6.被修饰词是抽象名词时,常用不定式作定语。常见的这类名词有:ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way 等。
It is a chance to speed up regional progress toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.
这是一个加速实现可持续发展目标的区域进展的机会。
四、非谓语动词作宾语
1.只能跟不定式作宾语的动词(短语)
(1)三个希望两答应(hope,wish,expect,agree,promise)
(2)两个要求莫拒绝(demand,ask,refuse)
(3)设法学会做决定(manage,learn,decide/determine)
(4)不要假装在选择(pretend,choose/select)
(5)打算提出俩计划(intend,offer,plan,mean)
(6)申请失败负担起(apply,fail,afford)
(7)准备愿望又碰巧(prepare,desire,happen)
(8)此外,happen,threaten,can’t wait等也要用不定式作宾语
I have decided to study engineering.
我已经决定学工程学。
[点拨]allow,permit,advise后需加动名词作宾语,但如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,则用不定式作宾补,即allow/permit/advise doing/sb to do sth。
2.只能跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语)
(1)喜欢考虑不避免(enjoy,consider,escape,avoid)
(2)不禁放弃太冒险(cannot help,give up,risk)
(3)感激承认不否认(appreciate,admit,deny)
(4)介意想象莫推延(mind,imagine,delay,put off)
(5)允许完成是期望(allow/permit,finish,look forward to)
(6)建议继续勤操练(suggest,go on,practise)
(7)致力原谅要坚持(be devoted to,excuse,insist on)
(8)继续成功不错过(keep on,succeed in,miss)
I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.
我避开提及这个话题,以免冒犯他。
[点拨]动词want,need,require作“需要”讲时,其后要用动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。
五、非谓语动词作补足语
1.不定式作宾语补足语
(1)带to的不定式作宾语补足语
常见的有:ask, invite, want, encourage, wish, expect, beg, request, require, advise, order, force, cause, allow, permit, forbid, warn, remind, teach, send, call on, wait for, would like/love/prefer等表示劝请、要求类动词。
If we expect people to give up the habit of driving,we must give them an alternative they can rely on.
如果我们期望人们放弃开车的*惯,我们必须给他们一个可以依赖的替代品。
(2)不带to的不定式作宾语补足语
常用动词(主动语态中)有:使役动词(make,let,have);感官动词(see,watch,observe,hear,notice)。
[点拨](1)有些动词,如think,consider,believe,suppose,feel,find,understand等后常用to be作宾补或主补。
Chinese people are considered to be the most hard-working people in the world.
中国人被认为是世界上最勤劳的人民。
(2)在sb be
said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought+to do/to have done结构中,用不定式作主语补足语。
The president was reported to have visited China.
据报道,那位总统已经访问了中国。
2.现在分词作宾语补足语
表示主动、进行。常用现在分词作宾语补足语的有:feel, find, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, get, have, keep, leave, send, set, listen to, look at等。
I heard the clock striking eight when I woke up this morning. 今天早上醒来时,我听见钟敲了八下。
After I arrived in America, I found myself living in a completely foreign culture.
当我到达美国后,我发现自己生活在一个完全陌生的文化中。
3.过去分词作宾语补足语
表示被动、完成。常用过去分词作宾语补足语的有:have, make, get, find, see, notice, watch, hear, feel, want, like等。
I found myself carried out to sea by a strong wind.
我发现我被一阵强风刮到海上去了。
4.用于with复合结构
with+宾语+doing(表示主动且进行)/done(表示被动且完成)/to do(表示将来)。
He sat there,with his eyes looking at the sky.
他坐在那里,眼睛看着天空。
With his mind concentrated on his work, he didn’t notice my appearance.
他专心于工作,没有注意到我的外表。
With much work to do this afternoon, Jack left hurriedly. 由于今天下午还有很多工作要做,杰克匆匆忙忙地离开了。
5.常用不定式作主语补足语的句型
Sb/Sth be
said/believed/known/supposed/reported/considered/found/thought+to do/to have done/to be done/to have been done+其他。
He is said to have gone abroad.
=It is said that he has gone abroad.
据说他出国了。
Heat is considered to be a form of energy.
热能被认为是一种能量形式。
You’re supposed to pay the bill by Friday.
你应该在星期五前付账。
六、非谓语动词作主语和表语
1.不定式作主语和表语
(1)不定式作主语时,可以直接放在句首,谓语动词常用单数。
To enter a good university for further study is my goal now.进入一所好大学深造是我现在的目标。
(2)不定式作主语时常置于句末,用it作形式主语放在句首。
It’s rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer.
背对着老师,拒绝回答问题是不礼貌的。
(3)不定式作表语,主语往往是dream,goal,aim,purpose,plan 等表示意向、打算、计划的词。
My dream is to become a doctor after my graduation from university.
我的梦想是大学毕业后当一名医生。
2.动名词作主语和表语
(1)动名词(短语)作主语时,可以直接放在句首,谓语动词常常用单数。
Taking part in the English speech competition is a helpful way to learn English.参加英语演讲比赛是学*英语的一种很有帮助的方法。
(2)有时用it作形式主语,常用于It is/was a waste (of...)/no use/no good doing sth结构中。
It’s no use arguing with him about the question, for he won’t change his mind.
和他争论这个问题是没有用的,因为他是不会改变主意的。
(3)动名词作表语时相当于名词,用于解释主语的内容,表语和主语常常可以互换位置。
My job is cleaning the house three times a week.(Cleaning the house three times a week is my job.)
我的工作是每星期打扫三次房子。
3.过去分词作表语
过去分词作表语时位于系动词之后,多用于表示主语的状态或状况,所体现的是形容词的特征。
I am pleased with the result of the experiment.
我对实验结果很满意。
The cup is broken.(强调杯子的状态)
杯子破了。
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