英语中，有这样一类动词，它们的原形（Base Form）、过去式（Past Tense）和过去分词（Past Participle） 三者完全一样，在语法上被称为“不变动词”。这类词是各类英语考试中的高频考点。
1. 最核心高频词（必须掌握）
1.cut - cut - cut （切，割）
现在: I cut onions every day for cooking.
过去: She cut her finger with a knife yesterday.
过去分词: I have cut my hair short. (现在完成时) / The budget was cut by 10%. (被动语态)
2.put - put - put （放）
现在: Please put the book on the shelf.
过去: He put his keys in his pocket and left.
过去分词: I have put all my energy into this project. / The plan was put into action immediately.
3. let - let - let （让，允许）
现在: My parents let me stay out late on weekends.
过去: She let me borrow her car last night.
过去分词: The prisoners were let go. (被动语态)
4. set - set - set （设置，放置）
现在: I need to set the alarm for 6 AM.
过去: He set the world record in 2020.
过去分词: The rules have been set. We must follow them.
5. hit - hit - hit （打击，碰撞）
现在: The boxer hits the punching bag hard.
过去: A ball hit me on the head during the game.
过去分词: The company has been hit hard by the economic crisis.
6. hurt - hurt - hurt （伤害，疼痛）
现在: My leg hurts.
过去: He hurt his back while lifting the heavy box.
过去分词: I have never hurt anyone intentionally. / She felt hurt by his words. (系表结构)
7. cost - cost - cost （花费）
现在: This jacket costs \$100.
过去: The trip cost me a lot of money.
过去分词: It has cost us dearly to make this mistake.
8. shut - shut - shut （关闭）
现在: Shut the door behind you, please.
过去: He shut the book and stood up.
过去分词: All the shops were shut due to the holiday.
2. 其他重要常考词
1. bet - bet - bet （打赌）
过去: I bet \$10 on that horse.
过去分词: He has bet all his savings on this deal.
2. spread - spread - spread （传播，涂抹）
过去: She spread the map on the table.
过去分词: The news has spread quickly across the internet.
3. read - read - read （注意：发音变化 /riːd/ - /red/ - /red/）（阅读）
现在: I read [/riːd/] a book every week.
过去: Yesterday, I read [/red/] a fascinating article.
过去分词: I have read [/red/] that book three times.
4. burst - burst - burst （爆炸，迸发）
过去: The balloon burst suddenly.
过去分词: The pipe has burst because of the cold weather.
真题示例与解析
1. 单项选择
— Why is your finger in a bandage?
— Because I ______ it while I was preparing dinner.
A. cut
B. was cutting
C. have cut
D. had cut
答案：A
解析：问句询问的是手指现在状态的原因，而“切伤”这个动作发生在过去。cut 的过去式就是 cut，所以选A。B选项是过去进行时，强调当时正在做，但这里只需要一个简单的过去动作。
2. 语法填空
A lot of money has been ________ (spend) on the development of the new product.
答案：spent
解析：此题作为反例，提醒你不要混淆！spend 的过去式和过去分词是 spent，不是 spend。这里是被动语态 has been + 过去分词。
3. 改错题
The price of the house costed him all his savings, but he thought it was worth it.
答案： (costed -> cost)
解析：cost 是不规则动词，其三态同为 cost。costed 是常见的错误拼写。
4. 单项选择
The news about the merger _______ quickly through the office, surprising everyone.
A. spread
B. spreaded
C. was spread
D. has spreaded
答案：A
解析：这里描述一个发生在过去的动作，用过去式。spread 的过去式是 spread。spreaded 是错误的。C选项被动语态在意思上不恰当，因为“消息”是自己传播的。
5. 语法填空
The alarm was ________ (set) for 5 a.m. so that we could catch the early flight.
答案：set
解析：被动语态结构 was + 过去分词。set 的过去分词就是 set。
学*建议与易错点
1. 警惕“伪同类”：不要想当然地认为所有动词都不变。比如 cut 不变，但 shut 也不变，而 put 也不变，但 set 也不变。必须逐个记忆。
2. 注意发音变化：read 是特例，书写不变，但发音从 /riːd/ 变为 /red/。
3. 区分相似词：
cut (切) - hurt (伤害) 都不变。
但 let (让) 不变，而 get 的过去分词是 got/gotten。
4. 在语境中学*：通过例句和真题来记忆，远比死记硬背列表有效。
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