翻译专题
Introduction
I.Translation.
挥金如土___________________tospendmoneylikewater
大海捞针___________________tolookfortheneedleinthehay
对牛弹琴___________________tocastthepearlsbeforeswine
梁上君子___________________athief/burglar
兴高采烈___________________inhighspirits
1.一个人年轻时多学点是有好处的。(beneficial)
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2.一旦你承诺要做某事，就要守信用。（once）
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3.夏天还没到呢，孩子们就迫不及待地想游泳了。（wait）
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4.人们普遍认为学会合作有利于问题的解决。(It…)
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5.在过去的三十年里，中国人民以巨大的勇气、信心和创造力取得了了不起的成就，这令整个世界震惊。（…,which…）
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Tip:此题考察学生的某些单词、句式等的掌握情况。
1.Tolearnmorewhenoneisyoungisbeneficialtohim.
Itisbeneficialforaperson/onetolearnmorewhenheisyoung.
2.Onceyoupromisetodosomething,yououghttokeepyourwords.
Onceyou’vemadeapromise,youshouldkeepit.
3.Summerhasn’tarrived,butthekidscan’twaittogoswimming.
4.Itisgenerallybelievedthatlearningtocooperateisbeneficialtosolvingproblems.
Itisgenerallyconsideredthatlearningtobecooperativedoesgoodtosolvingproblems.
Itisgenerallybelievedthatlearningtocooperatehelpstosolveproblems.
5.TheChinesepeoplehavemadeoutstandingachievementswithgreatcourage,confidenceandcreativityinthepast30years，whichhasshocked/astonishedthewholeworld.
Presentation—翻译“四步法”
以2006年高考真题为例，演示这“四步法”：
中译英：我向她请教，她总是有求必应，而且解释得令我十分满意。(satisfaction)
Step1
中文必须仔细读，读什么？读出句子结构：
例句解析：本题句子结构为并列复合句。在主句中，“有求必应”与“解释”之间的关系是并列的，需要一个连词来连接这两个动词，即可以对应“而且”运用“notonly……butalso……”的结构，也可以简化为一个连词“and”。“我向她请教”是时间状语从句，为了呼应之后的“总是”，我们可选择“每当”(everytime)或“无论何时”（whenever）来充当连词。
Step2
确定关键词的位置和用法：
例句解析：结合“令我十分满意”，联想到以往常用的tomysurprise/excitement,所给关键词可应用为tomyfullsatisfaction.
Step3
确定动词的时态与语态：
例题解析：本题所叙述的是客观事实，因此确定用一般现在时。此外，建议学生们在平时翻译训练中，除了动词外，还可根据意群将一些涉及到词的用法、词组及成语的短语，先确定下来，然后再进行整句翻译，以确保准确率。
在翻译“向她请教”时，根据我们已知的词组“向某人求助”turntosb.forhelp或asksb.forhelp，将求“助”转换为求“建议”，译为turntoherforadvice或askherforadvice。至于成语“有求必应”，先要转换为“乐于助人”，即bereadytohelp。
Step4
对照中文，防止遗漏信息：
例题解析：最终可以翻译为：EverytimeIaskherforadvice,sheisalwaysreadytohelpandexplainstomyfullsatisfaction.学生们要注意“总是”、“十分”这类词不要遗漏。
翻译技巧再现
Focusedpractice
1．汽车、无线电、电影、速冻食品、电冰箱，这些东西在过去的30年中得到了广泛的应用，这简直令人难以置信。（It…）
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2．人们对于那些乐于帮助他人脱离险境的人总是满怀感激之情。（grateful）
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3．我们必须对这里正在讨论的一些事情保密。(discuss)
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4．她花了冤枉钱，买了她并不需要的东西。（waste）
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5．为了解决交通问题，政府呼吁我们每天乘公车或地铁上班（callon）
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6．他能在一星期的时间里就完成这个项目，真是不可思议。（It…）
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7．如果你继续沉迷于上网聊天，你必将后悔无穷。（focus）
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8.如果你要与身边的人改善关系，开发情商（EmotionalIntelligence）是你最需要做的事情。__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9.乍一看，这块手表没有什么特别之处，但实际上它是一部手机。（therebe）
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10.我们一致同意一旦得出调查结论，就尽早让公众知晓。（once）
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1.Itishardtobelievethatautomobiles,radios,motionpictures,frozenfoodsandelectricrefrigeratorshavecomeintocommonusewithinthirtyyears.
2.Peoplearealwaysgratefultothosewhoarereadytohelpothersoutofdanger.
3.Wemustkeepasecretofthethingsbeingdiscussedhere.
4.Shehaswastedhermoneyonthingsthatshedoesnotneed.
5.Tosolvethetrafficproblems,thegovernmentcalledonustogotoworkbybusorbysubwayeveryday.
6.It’sunimaginablethathecanfinishthisprojectinaweek.
7.IfyoucontinuetofocusonchattingontheInternet,youwillundoubtedly/certainlyregretfrequentlyinthefuture.
8.Developingyouremotionalintelligenceiswhatyouneedtodomostifyouwanttoimproveyourrelationshipswithpeoplearoundyou.
9.Atfirstsight,thereisnothingspecialaboutthewatch,butinfactitisamobilephone.
10.Weallagreethatoncetheconclusionoftheinvestigationisdrawn,itwillbemadeknowntothepublicassoonaspossible.
HomeAssignment
I．Translation.
1.无论风多大、雨多急,警察一直坚守在岗位上.(nomatter…)
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2.医生挨家挨户上门巡访,省去了很多老年人去医院的麻烦.(save)
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3.和园丁们一起工作让我们学到许多花卉的知识.(enable)
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4.遇到困难的时候,我们需要的不是彼此的埋怨,而是互相帮助.(not…but…)
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5.这小孩太调皮了,使得他那忙于工作的父母常常心烦意乱.(So…)
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6.物理课上,他没听懂王教授所讲的内容.(fail)
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7.是否在黄浦江上再建一座大桥,委员们意见不一.(agree)
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8.他进公司不久就独立完成了一项艰巨的任务,同事们对他刮目相看.(so)
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Keys:
1.Nomatterhowhardthewindblowsandrainfalls,thepolicekeeptotheirposts.
2.Doctors'door-to-doorvisitssavedmanyoldpeople'stroubleofgoingtohospital.
3.Workingwithgardenersenablesustolearnalotofknowledgeaboutflowers.
4.Whenwemeetwithdifficulties,whatweneedisnottoblameeachotherbuttohelpeachother.
5.Thechildissonaughtythatheoftenupsetshisparentswhoarebusywiththeirwork.
6.Inphysicsclass,hefailedtounderstandwhatProfessorWangwastalkingabout.
7.Thecommitteecan'tagreeonwhethertobuildanotherbridgeoverHuangpuRiver
8.Hefinishedadifficulttasksoonafterheenteredthecompany,sohiscolleagueslookedathimdifferently.
II.ReadingComprehension.
Cloze1-15CDACBACBAACBAAC
Directions:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.
UntilItookDr.Offutt’sclass,Iwasanunderachievingstudent.ButIleftthatclass1nevertounderachieveagain.Henotonlytaughtmetothink,heconvincedme,asmuchbyexamplesaswords,thatitwasmy2obligationtodosoandtoserveothers.
Neitherofuscouldknowhowourrelationshipwould3overtheyears.WhenIfirstcamebacktoDeMathatoteachEnglish,IworkedforDr.Offutt,thedepartmentchair.Mydiscussionswithhimashementoredmewerelikegraduateseminarsinadolescent(青少年)4classroommanagementandschoolleadership.
Afterseveralyears,Iwas5departmentchair,andourrelationshipshiftedagain.Ithoughtthatitmightbe6tochairthedepartment,sinceallofmyformerEnglishteacherswere7there,butDr.Offuttsupportedme8.Heknewwhentogivemeadviceaboutcurriculum,textsandpersonnel,andwhentoletme9myowncourse.
In1997,Ineededhis10aboutleavingDeMathatobecomeprincipalatanotherschool.11hehadaskedmetostayatDeMatha,Imighthave.12,heencouragedmetoseizethenewopportunity.
Fiveyearsago,IbecametheprincipalofDeMatha.13,Dr.Offuttwasthereforme,lettingmeknowthatIcould14himasItriedtofillsuchbigshoes.I’velearnedfromhimthatgreatteachershaveaninexhaustiblewealthoflessonstoteach.Evenifhisstudentsdon’tknowityet,Iknowhow15theyare:I’mstilloneofthem.
1.A.anxiousB.eagerC.determinedD.worried
2.A.familyB.legalC.academicD.moral
3.A.evolveB.stayC.remainD.worsen
4.A.processB.procedureC.developmentD.movement
5.A.calledB.appointedC.entitledD.offered
6.A.awkwardB.uneasyC.unnaturalD.insensitive
7.A.onceB.alreadyC.stillD.never
8.A.throughB.throughoutC.atthebeginningD.intheend
9.A.chartB.headC.describeD.manage
10.A.opinionB.requestC.permissionD.promise
11.A.EvenifB.AlthoughC.IfD.When
12.A.NaturallyB.InsteadC.ConsequentlyD.Peacefully
13.A.OnceagainB.NowandthenC.HopefullyD.Surprisingly
14.A.countonB.accountforC.callonD.appealto
15.A.earnestB.worriedC.fortunateD.Desperate
III.ReadingComprehension.
(A)Keys:BACA
Toextinguish(熄灭)differentkindsoffires,severaltypesoffireextinguishershavebeeninvented．Theymustbereadyforimmediateusewhenfirebreaksout.Mostportable(手提式的)kindsoperateforlessthanaminute,sotheyareusefulonlyonsmallfires.Thelawrequiresships,trains,busesandplanestocarryextinguishers.
Sincefuel,oxygen(氧气)andheatmustbepresentinorderforfiretoexist,oneormoreofthesethingsmustberemovedorreducedtoextinguishafire.Iftheheatisreducedbycoolingthematerialbelowacertaintemperature,thefiregoesout.Thecoolingmethodisthemostcommonwaytoputoutafire.Wateristhebestcoolingmaterialbecauseitislowincostandeasytoget.
Anothermethodofextinguishingfireisbycuttingofftheoxygen.Thisisusuallydonebycoveringthefirewithsand,steamorsomeotherthings.Ablanketmaybeusedtocoverasmallfire
Athirdmethodiscalledseparation,whichincludesremovingthefuel,ormaterialeasytoburn,fromafire,sothatitcanfindnofuel.
Themethodthatisusedtoputoutafiredependsuponthetypeoffire.Fireshavebeengroupedinthreeclasses.Firesinwood,paper,clothandthealikearecalledClassAfires.Thesematerialsusuallyhelpkeepthefireon.Suchfirescanbestoppedmostreadilybycoolingwithwater.
1．Ifafirebreaksoutonabus,whichofthefollowshouldbereadythereforyoutouse?
A．SandB．AnextinguisherC．AblanketD．Water
2．Tocoverasmallpieceofburningwoodwithabasininordertostopthefireisanexampleof.
A．cuttingofftheoxygenB．separatingthefire
C．removingthefuelD．reducingtheheat
3．Inchoosinghowtoputoutafire,weshouldfirstbeclearabout.
A．whereittakesplaceB．whenitbreaksout
C．whatkinditisD．howitcomesabout
4．Whatwouldtheauthorprobablydiscussintheparagraphthatfollows?
A．AnotherclassoffiresB．Howfiresbreakout
C．AnothertypeofextinguishersD．Howfirescanbeprevented
(B)Keys:CCBA
Foryears,businesspeopleinWesternEuropewerequiteworried.TheyknewtheycouldnotcompleteagainstbusinessfromtheUnitedStates.TheUSismuchlargerandhasmanymoreresourcesthananyWesternEuropeancountries.
SomeEuropeanpeoplerealizedthattheEuropeannationsneedtojointogethertohelpeachother.Iftheycouldforgettheirlanguagedifferencesandthedifferencesincustoms,theymightbecomestrongcompetitionagainstothercountries.
In1958,sixoftheEuropeancountries—Belgium,theNetherlands,Luxembourg,France,GermanyandItalybandedtogetheranddecidedtocooperate.TheycalledtheirgrouptheEuropeanEconomicCommunity,ortheCommonMarket.Thesecountriesagreedtojointheirresourcestogether.
Withinafewyears,theEuropeanEconomicCommunityhadworkedsowellthatitsmembersweremoreprosperousthanmanyotherEuropeannations.Soon,othernationsbegantorealizetheadvantageofthecommonmarket.TodaythecommonMarketincludesmostoftheimportantcountriesinWesternEurope.ItishelpingWesternEuropetoagaintakeitsplaceasaleaderamongthenationsoftheworld.
5.FromthepassageweknowthattheUSismuchricherthaninresources.
A.anyotherWesternEuropeancountriesB.anyothercountryinWesternEurope
C.anycountryinWesternEuropeD.everycountryinEurope
6.Inorderto,theWesternEuropeancountriesdecidedtocooperate.
A.jointogethertofoundaunitedcountry
B.helpeachothertosmoothawaythedifferencesinlanguageandcustoms
C.worktogetherforcommonpurpose
D.worktogetherandfightagainsttheUSinbusiness
7.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
A.TheCommonMarketisonlyapoliticalassociation.
B.TheCommonMarketisaneconomicandpoliticalassociation.
C.TheCommonMarketisonlyaneconomicassociation.
D.TheCommonMarketisneitheraneconomicassociationnorapoliticalone.
8.WecaninferfromthepassagethatthereasonwhythemembersoftheEuropeanEconomicCommunityhavedevelopedfastisthatthey.
A.sharetheirresourcesandproducemoregoods
B.canagaintaketheplaceasaleaderintheworld
C.forgetthedifferencesintheirlanguagesandcustoms
D.havebecomestrongcompetitionagainsttheUS.
(C)9-12BBDA
Insomecountrieswhereracialprejudiceisacute,violencehassocometobetakenforgrantedasameansofsolvingdifferencesthatitisnotevenquestioned.Therearecountrieswherethewhitemanimposeshisrulebybruteforce;therearecountrieswheretheblackmanprotestsbysettingfiretocities.Importantpeopleonbothsides,whowouldinotherrespectsappeartobereasonablemen,getupandcalmlyargueinfavorofviolence---asifitwerealegitimatesolution,likeanyother.Whatisreallyfrightening,whatreallyfillsyouwithdespair,istherealizationthatwhenitcomestothecrunch（关键时刻）,wehavemadenoactualprogressatall.Wemaywearcollarsandtiesinsteadofwar-paint,butourinstinctremainbasicallyunchanged.Thewholeoftherecordedhistoryofthehumanrace,thattediousdocumentationofviolence,hastaughtusabsolutelynothing.Wehavestillnotlearnedthatviolenceneversolvesaproblembutmakesitevenacute.Thesheerhorror,thebloodshed（流血）,thesufferingmeannothing.Nosolutionevercomestolightthemorningafterwhenwedismallycontemplatethesmokingruinsandwonderwhathitus.
Thetrulyreasonablemenwhoknowwherethesolutionsliearefindingitharderandhardertogetahearing.Theyaredespised,mistrustedandevenpersuadedbytheirownkindbecausetheyadvocatesuchapparentlyoutrageousthingsaslawenforcement（执行）.Ifhalftheenergythatgoesintoviolentactswereputtogooduse,ifoureffortsweredirectedatcleaninguptheslumsandghettos,atimprovinglivingstandardsandprovidingeducationandemploymentforall,wewouldhavegonealongwaytoarrivingatasolution.Ourstrengthissappedbyhavingtomopupthemessthatviolenceleavesinitswake.Inawell-directedeffort,itwouldnotbeimpossibletofulfilltheidealsofastablesocialprogramme.Thebenefitsthatcanbederivedfromconstructivesolutionsareeverywhereapparentintheworldaroundus.Genuineandlastingsolutionsarealwayspossible,providingweworkwithintheframeworkofthelaw.
9.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?
A.AdvocatingViolence.
B.ViolenceCanDoNothingtoDiminishRacePrejudice
C.ViolenceasaLegitimateSolution
D.Violence:TheInstinctofHumanRace
10.Recordedhistoryhastaughtus__________.
A.violenceneversolvesanythingB.nothing
C.thebloodshedmeansnothingD.everything
11.Itcanbeinferredthattrulyreasonablemen________.
A.can’tgetahearingB.arelookeddownupon
C.arepersecutedD.havedifficultyinadvocatinglawenforcement
12.Accordingtotheauthor,thebestwaytosolveraceprejudiceis________.
A.lawenforcementB.knowledge
C.nonviolenceD.moppinguptheviolentmess
IV.Directions:ReadthefollowingtextandchoosethemostsuitableheadingfromA-Fforeachparagraph.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneed.
A.TheHarley-Davidsonbikeisthesymbolofyouthandfreedom
B.LotsofpeopletravelledontheirHarley-Davidsonbikestojointhecelebrations.
C.TheHarley-Davidsonwasstartedfromnothingandsurvivedhardshipinitsearlyyears.
D.ThecompanyfacesdifficultiesasyoungpeopledonotchooseaHarley-Davidson.
E.LoversofHarley-Davidsonbikesfelthappyatthecelebrations,whichmadethecompany’sfuturelookpromising.
F.FilmshelpedtheHarley-Davidsonbikewinitspopularity.
1.
OrganizersofthecelebrationswereamazedtoseehowmanypeopletravelledtoMilwaukeewiththeirHarley-Davidsonbikes.Likeasmallinvadingarmy,peopledroveintotowntojointhecelebrations.PeopletravelledfromAsia,Australia,AfricaandEurope.ThreethousandBritishpeoplejoinedthecelebrations.SomeofthemhadpaidtotravelwiththeirmotorbikesonboardtheQE2,thefamousluxuryliner(油轮)ononeofitslasttransatlanticjourneysfromSouthamptoninEnglandtoNewYork.
2.
TheHarley-DavidsonwasfirstcreatedinMilwaukeein1903.BrothersWillieWalterandArthurDavidsontogetherwiththeirfriendWilliamHarleystartedthecompanyinanoldshed.ThecompanysurvivedtheAmericangreatdepressionandtwoworldwars.
3.
FilmclassicssuchasEssayRiderandTheWildOnemadetheHarley-Davidsonfashionableduringthe1960s.Thebikewastheepitome(缩影)offreedomandyouth.Itenjoyedarebelliousimage.Salesofthebikessoaredworldwideonthebackofthesecult(时尚)filmsandthecompanythrived.
4.
Nowadays,themajorityofHarley-Davidsonownersaremiddle-aged.TheaverageageofaHarley-Davidowneris46.Participantswereaskedtoraisemoneyforcharitablecausesbeforetakingpartinthecentenaryparade.YoungpeopledonotbuyHarley-Davidsonbikes.Theyprefercheaperbikeswithamoreyouthfulimage.Companyexecutivesworryaboutthelong-termfutureofthecompanyifyoungmotorbikeownersdonotsoonstarttochooseaHarley-Davidson.
5.
However,forthemomentthecelebrationscontinue.Loversoftheseclassicbikessaythatthere’ssimplynothingquitelikeaHarley-Davidson.Asoneownerexplained“It’shardtodescribewhatagreatexperienceitistorollthroughasmalltownandhaveeveryonewaveandcheerasyougoby—youfeellikeahero.”IfarideonaHarley-Davidsonmakespeopleashappyasthatowner,thisfamousbikewillsurviveanotherhundredyears.
Keys:BCFDE
V.Directions:Readthepassagecarefully.ThenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinNOMORETHAN10WORDS.
Asskiesfillwithmillionsofmigratingbirds,Europeanscientistssaytheseasonalmiracleappearstodependonaseemingcontradiction:Thefatterthebird,themoreefficientlyitflies.Theresultsoftheirstudycontradictacentraltheoryofaerodynamics（空气动力学）,whichpredictsthatthepowerneededtoflyincreaseswithweight.
Forbirds,apparently,thecostofflyingwithheavyfuelloadsisconsiderablysmallerthanpreviouslythought.Researchersfoundthatredknotwadingbirdsdoubletheirnormalbodyweightof100gramsbeforemakingtheirtwice-a-year,nonstopcommutebetweentheBritishIslesandtheRussianArctic.Distance:5,000kilometres.
AnotherstudyinthejournalNaturemeasuredthebenefitsofflyinginanaerodynamicVformation,whichallowsbirdstosaveenergybyglidingintheleadbird’sairstream.
Flyinginformation,theirheartrateswereasmuchas14.5percentlowerthanflyingsolo,accordingtoHenriWimerskirch,aFrenchscientist.Thefindingshelpexplainhowbirdscompletedifficultmigrations.Researchershadassumedthatthinner,moreathleticbirdswouldhavethebestchanceofsurvival.
Thefirststudysuggeststhatbuildingupfatdepositstobeburnedasfuelduringthemigrationisworthmorethantheenergyittakestocarrytheadditionalweight.Heavierbirdsapparentlyusetheirmusclesmoreefficiently.
Inthestudy,researcherssaidtheirteamstudiedthebirdsflownatdifferentbodymassesduring28simulatedflights.Theywereinjectedwithasmallamountofwatercontainingaradioactiveelementthatenabledtheteamtomeasuretheamountofenergyburned.
1.Howmuchwillaredknotwadingbirdprobablyweighbeforemakingitsnonstopmigrating
flight?______________________________________________________________________.
2.Theadditionalweightgainedbeforetheflightwon’tincreasethepowerneededtofly;onthe
contrary,itworksas__________________________________________________________.
3.Howdidscientistssuccessfullyconductthefirststudy?
_____________________________________________________________________________.
4.WecaninferfromthestudiesonfatdepositsandVformationflyingthatbothfactors_______________________________________________________________________________.
1.200grams
2.fueltobeburnedduringthemigration
3.Byinjectingbirdsandtestingtheirbodymassesduringflights.
4.workjointlyandhelpbirdsflyefficientlyandsurvive.
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